# Text analysis

Turi Create. Applications for automated text analytics include: In this chapter we will show how to do standard text analytics using

• detecting user sentiment regarding product reviews
• creating features for use in other machine learning models
• understanding large collections of documents

# Topic Models

"Topic models" are a class of statistical models for text data. These models typically assume documents can be described by a small set of topics, and there is a probability of any word occurring for a given "topic".

For example, suppose we are given the documents shown below, where the first document begins with the text "The burrito was terrible. I..." and continues with a long description of the eater's woes. A topic model attempts to do two things:

• Learn "topics": collections of words that co-occur in a meaningful way (as shown by the colored word clouds).
• Learn how much each document pertains to each topic. This is represented by the colored circles, where larger circles indicate larger probabilities.

There are many variations of topic models that incorporate other sources of data, and there are a variety of algorithms for learning the parameters of the model from data. This section focuses on creating and using topic models with Turi Create.

##### Creating a model

The following example includes the SArray of documents that we created in previous sections: Each element represents a document in "bag of words" representation -- a dictionary with word keys and whose values are the number of times that word occurred in the document. Once in this form, it is straightforward to learn a topic model.

import turicreate as tc

docs = tc.SFrame('wikipedia_data')

# Remove stop words and convert to bag of words
docs = tc.text_analytics.count_words(docs['X1'])
docs = docs.dict_trim_by_keys(tc.text_analytics.stop_words(), exclude=True)

# Learn topic model
model = tc.topic_model.create(docs)

There are a variety of additional arguments available which are covered in the API Reference.

The two most commonly used arguments are:

• num_topics: Changes the number of topics to learn.
• num_iterations: Changes how many iterations to perform.

The returned object is a TopicModel object, which exposes several useful methods. For example, turicreate.topic_model.TopicModel.get_topics() returns an SFrame containing the most probable words for each topic and a score related to how high that word ranks for that topic.

You may get details on a subset of topics by supplying a list of topic names or topic indices, as well as restrict the number of words returned per topic.

print(model.get_topics())
+-------+--------+------------------+
| topic |  word  |      score       |
+-------+--------+------------------+
|   0   | state  | 0.00781031634036 |
|   0   |  team  | 0.0116096428466  |
|   0   | league | 0.00734010266384 |
|   0   | world  | 0.00707611127116 |
|   0   | party  | 0.00693101676527 |
|   1   |  area  | 0.00939951828831 |
|   1   |  film  | 0.00903846641308 |
|   1   | album  | 0.00810524480636 |
|   1   | states | 0.00592481420794 |
|   1   |  part  | 0.00591876305919 |
+-------+--------+------------------+
[50 rows x 3 columns]

If we just want to see the top words per topic, this code snippet will rearrange the above SFrame to do that.

print(model.get_topics(output_type='topic_words'))
+-------------------------------+
|             words             |
+-------------------------------+
| [team, state, league, worl... |
| [area, film, album, states... |
| [city, family, war, built,... |
| [united, american, state, ... |
| [school, year, high, stati... |
| [season, music, church, ye... |
| [de, century, part, includ... |
| [university, 2006, line, s... |
| [age, population, people, ... |
| [time, series, work, life,... |
+-------------------------------+

The model object keeps track of various useful statistics about how the model was trained and its current status.

Topic Model
Data:
Vocabulary size:     632779
Settings:
Number of topics:    10
alpha:               5.0
beta:                0.1
Iterations:          10
Training time:       7.2635
Verbose:             False
Accessible fields:
m['topics']          An SFrame containing the topics.
m['vocabulary']      An SArray containing the topics.
Useful methods:
m.get_topics()       Get the most probable words per topic.
m.predict(new_docs)  Make predictions for new documents.


To predict the topic of a given document, one can get an SArray of integers containing the most probable topic ids:

pred = model.predict(docs)

Combining the above method with standard SFrame capabilities, one can use predict to find documents related to a particular topic

docs_in_topic_0 = docs[model.predict(docs) == 0]

or join with other data in order to analyze an author's typical topics or how topics change over time. For example, if we had author and timestamp data, we could do the following:

m = topic_model.create(doc_data['text'])
doc_data['topic'] = m.predict(doc_data['text'])
doc_data['author'][doc_data['topic'] == 1] # authors of docs in topic 1

Sometimes you want to know how certain the model's predictions are. One can optionally also get the probability of each topic for a set of documents. Each element of the returned SArray is a vector containing the probability of each document.

pred = model.predict(docs, output_type='probability')
array('d', [0.049204587495375506, 0.14502404735479096,
0.028116907140214576, 0.1709211986681465, 0.1220865704772475,
0.15945246022937476, 0.08213096559378469, 0.017388087310395855,
0.219385867554569, 0.006289308176100629])
##### Working with TopicModel objects

The value for each metadata field listed in m.get_fields() is accessible via m[field].

A topic model will learn parameters for every word that is present in the corpus. The "vocabulary" stored by the model will return this list of words.

model['vocabulary']
dtype: str
Rows: 632779
['definitional', 'diversity', 'countereconomics', 'level', 'simultaneously', 'process', 'technology', 'phenomena', 'attitudes', 'consumer', 'creation', 'selfdetermined', 'ivan', 'popularized', 'se', 'questioned', 'organizing', 'addition', 'germany', 'experiments', 'activity', 'childled', 'series', 'inspiration', 'moderna', 'field', 'country', 'projects', 'pedagogical', 'murray', 'anticlerical', 'fiercely', 'noncoercive', 'rational', 'widely', 'church', 'defiance', 'progressive', 'ferrer', 'freethinker', 'fragments', 'linvention', 'solaire', 'amoureux', 'du', 'onfray', 'joy', 'writing', 'recently', 'proponent', 'consenting', 'camaraderie', 'la', 'emile', 'teufel', 'beginning', 'homosexuality', 'spoke', '18491898', 'reitzel', 'fact', 'boldly', 'campaigned', 'noted', 'frequented', 'villagers', 'discussion', 'margaret', 'lesbian', 'millay', 'edna', 'bisexual', 'sexuality', 'encouraged', 'greenwich', 'lazarus', 'une', 'staunchly', '18721890', 'angela', 'heywood', 'existed', 'discriminated', 'womens', 'sexual', 'viewed', 'pleasure', 'experimental', 'love', 'proven', 'disputes', 'internal', 'overlapping', 'cryptography', 'intersecting', 'bonanno', 'alfredo', 'formal', 'critical', 'recent', ... ]

Similarly, we can obtain the current parameters for each word by requesting the "topics" stored by the model. Each element of the "topic_probabilities" column contains an array with length num_topics where element $k$ is the probability of that word under topic $k$.

model['topics']
Columns:
topic_probabilities     array
vocabulary      str

Rows: 632779

Data:
+-------------------------------+------------------+
|      topic_probabilities      |    vocabulary    |
+-------------------------------+------------------+
| [8.49255529868e-08, 8.6181... |   definitional   |
| [8.49255529868e-08, 7.8347... |    diversity     |
| [8.49255529868e-08, 7.8347... | countereconomics |
| [8.49255529868e-08, 7.8347... |      level       |
| [8.49255529868e-08, 7.8347... |  simultaneously  |
| [8.49255529868e-08, 7.8347... |     process      |
| [8.49255529868e-08, 7.8347... |    technology    |
| [8.49255529868e-08, 2.4287... |    phenomena     |
| [2.13163137997e-05, 0.0001... |    attitudes     |
| [8.49255529868e-08, 2.8283... |     consumer     |
+-------------------------------+------------------+

As with other models in Turi Create, it's also easy to save and load models.

model.save('my_model.model')
new_model = tc.load_model('my_model.model')
##### Importing from other formats

In some cases your data may be in a format that some refer to as "docword", where each row in the text file contains a document id, a word id, and the number of times that word occurs in that document. For this situation, check out the parse_docword utility:

docs = tc.text_analytics.parse_docword(doc_word_file, vocab_file)
##### Initializing from other models

It is also easy to create a new topic model from an old one – whether it was created using Turi Create or another package.

new_model = tc.topic_model.create(docs,
num_topics=m['num_topics'],
initial_topics=m['topics'])
##### Seeding the model with prior knowledge

To manually fix several words to always be assigned to a topic, use the associations argument. This can be useful for experimentation purposes. For example, the following will ensure that "season" and "club" will have a high probability under topic 1 and "2008" and "2009" will have a high probability under topic 2:

associations = tc.SFrame({'word':['season', 'club', '2008', '2009'],
'topic': [1, 1, 2, 2]})

If we fit a topic model using this option, we indeed find that "season" and "club" are present in topic 1, and we find other related words in the same topic.

m2 = tc.topic_model.create(docs,
num_topics=20,
num_iterations=50,
associations=associations,
verbose=False)

topics = m2.get_topics(num_words=10, output_type='topic_words')['words'][1]
['season',
'club',
'league',
'played',
'won',
'football',
'world',
'cup',
'year',
'championship']
m2.get_topics(num_words=10, output_type='topic_words')['words'][2]
['team',
'2008',
'game',
'2009',
'2007',
'2010',
'final',
'player',
'1',
'players']
##### Evaluating topic models

A common quantitative way to evaluate topic models is to split each document into a training set and a test set, learn a topic model on the training portion of each document, and compute the probability of the held out word counts under the model. A slight variation of this probability is called "perplexity". Lower values are better. Estimates of this quantity are provided during training. See turicreate.text_analytics.random_split, turicreate.topic_model.perplexity, TopicModel.evaluate for helper functions to do this sort of evaluation on trained models.

A common way to qualitatively evaluate topic models is to examine the most probable words in each topic and count the number of words that do not fit with the rest. If there are topics with words that do not co-occur in your corpus, you may want to try:

• removing stop words and other words that are not interesting to your analysis
• changing the number of topics
• increasing the number of iterations

To learn more check out the API Reference.